The bit of information is represented in which strand is on top in the braid, not in the physical properties of the hair itself. In one Go game, there can be more possible moves than there are atoms in the Observable Universe. Short personal summary of events: This episode occurred on my personal journey from traditional quantum physics research to broad interdisciplinary investigations into the difference between and possible synergies of human and artificial intelligence. If the six quantum operations were assembly line workers, each focused on one task, the assembly line would only produce the correct initial state When Covid Came for Provincetown. Today, Preskill has become, in a way, the fatherly public face of quantum computing in the US. This tells us something important about quantum computers. Two examples of topological codes are called the surface code and the color code. You should be able to then smoothly morph that doughnut into the shape of a coffee cup without tearing or re-attaching any clay.